Dogs with shortened, flattened snouts have become hugely popular pets. But the anatomy that gives these animals their distinctively cute appearance can also heavily interfere with their breathing.

Veterinarians refer to the condition as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome, or BOAS. It occurs when compressed skull structures crowd the upper airway, leading to noisy breathing, reduced exercise tolerance, and other health problems.

In a new study published in PLOS One, researchers found signs of airway problems across most of the brachycephalic breeds they examined. Some lesser-studied breeds showed rates of the condition comparable to those seen in Pugs, French Bulldogs and Bulldogs.

The results also suggest the risks are uneven. The researchers caution that “it remains sensible to evaluate the extent to which brachycephalic breeds are affected by health issues by their individual breed.”

The Cambridge-led team recruited 898 dogs, all over a year old, from September 2021 to April 2024. They examined dogs at the Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital, at dog shows, and at breed health-testing days.

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